Nagorno-Karabakh Conflict

Presentation From the start of the 1988 a contention keeps going between the South Caucasian countries of Azerbaijan and Armenia over the possession region of Nagorno-Karabakh. The contention has brought about an extensive emergency particularly in Azerbaijan, with the quantity of disengaged evacuees near roughly one million. Because of the war over the NK area with Armenia, Azerbaijan has lost the whole NK locale and 7 additionally encompassing regions of Lachin, Kelbajar, Agdam, Gabrail, Fizuli, Khubadly and Zangilan to Armenia. So Azerbaijan’s domains are involved and lost fourteen percent of the region. The contention is considered as an inside clash by the significant forces and universal associations. As known, from the earliest starting point of 1988 the contention over Nagorno-Karabakh had an intra-state measurement which implies the battle for freedom of Nagorno-Karabakh where are populated Armenian populace. Be that as it may, since the start of 1922 the contention has a between state measurement between two sovereign states: Azerbaijan and Armenia. So the contention has gotten one of the most recalcitrant questions in the worldwide field and it is additionally the contention of the area which has the biggest geopolitical essentialness. So Azerbaijan and Armenia, as the two previous Soviet Republics battled about the NK district from 1987 to 1994 in the types of first shared conflicts. In spite of the way that the two states conceded to a truce on the contention in May 1994, the results of the war are political unrest, regional misfortunes and mass relocations. In spite of the fact that different sides perceived and stopped fire outfitted power, yet by and by strife or showdowns existing as strategic relations and by different ties relations. Issue and Significance The issue of this contention lies under the difference of belligerents: Armenia and Azerbaijan. Particularly, in favor of Armenian which involved over the enclave land and doesn’t need perceive any goals are challenged and proposed by associations. Here, one of the issues is impact of outside forces which can bolster its side and made money related and military guide. Additionally here another issue is the refugees’ issue from the two sides to the contention and their incorporation into society. Right up 'til today, conversation of the issue of displaced people has concentrated only on Azeris from Karabakh or Armenia, with no genuine notice of Armenian exiles from Azerbaijan. A far reaching and reasonable answer for the displaced person issue, reliable with the most fundamental universal human rights measures, will treat all people that qualify as exiles free of their national character or current area of home. Be that as it may, if there should arise an occurrence of importance, the primary issue is the security issue which is so delicate. Since Caucasus states are found close by Europe, Central Asia, Russia and Islamic states in which there are adequate issues. It is so delicate in light of the fact that the contention can impact to the neighbor states. This durable issue must be given by global associations which harmony making process is going now and for future keeping safeness or security to the neighbors and for their power status. What's more, this status must be resolve or ensured. Writing Review. The Armenia-Azerbaijan strife over the Nagorno-Karabakh (NK) area of Azerbaijan, which in its cutting edge structure has proceeded for a long time, is a confounded contextual investigation of multi-vector and multi-layered cases, for the most part from the Soviet occasions, running from history, economy, and lawful status, used to legitimize the military occupation (alongside seven contiguous areas). The article represents that a portion of the more fragile cases were dropped by and large, while others were consistently blended in with extra charges to make them â€Å"stick†. Notwithstanding strong legitimate, notable and good grounds, Azerbaijan has been slacking in explaining and clarifying the imaginary charges of NK’s assumed exchange to Azerbaijan’s suzerainty in 1920s, the lawful status of NK itself, its monetary and money related prosperity, and the difficulty to apply the 3 April 1990 Soviet Law on Succession to the NK case whether for the reasons for advocating its freedom or connection to Armenia. Regardless of the considerable number of difficulties and accuse shared by all sides, NK and adjoining as of now involved domains are perceived as a major aspect of Azerbaijan, with the last holding all rights, including military, to return it under its full sway. Along these lines, there are numerous researchers that composed articles about Nagorno-Karabakh strife. I need to make reference to some acclaimed scholars’ articles. Philip Gamaghelyan composed article about â€Å"Intractability of the Nagorno-Karabakh struggle: A legend or a reality? He gives a partner investigation and inspects political, monetary, security and socio-social elements of the contention. Recognizing the positions and the interests of the primary entertainers, the paper assesses the harmony procedure, uncovers the variables representing its proceeding with disappointment and creates proposals on how the contention can be settled. This article is planned to bring being referred to the legend of the obstinacy of the Nagorno-Karabakh struggle. Philip Gamaghelyan: â€Å"The ‘intractability’ of the Nagorno-Karabakh strife isn't owing to the absence of imperativeness of a specific solution†. He additionally contends that any understanding that builds up a positive arrangement would require a few concessions would disappoint one or the two gatherings and would deliver ground-breaking ‘spoilers’ that could disrupt the harmony procedure. In this way it is vital not to search for a quick arrangement, however to build up a drawn out technique of tending to basic issues of the contention, for example, common discernments, security issues and majority rule government. As we would like to think, the ‘intractability’ of the contention in this article generally starts from the craving of gatherings to have a feeling of the last status of the district, before tending to the fundamental issues. I propose that if this methodology is switched, every single other issue are settled, and a worthy degree of soundness and collaboration in the locale is accomplished, the last status of Nagorno-Karabakh will turn out to be less huge, which will make it simpler for gatherings to go to a trade off. Next article â€Å"Democratization as the way to Nagorno-Karabakh struggle resolution† was composed by Tigran Mkrtchyan. Tigran Mkrtchyan: â€Å"Theoretically the dangers of war or reappearance of war are diminished by democratization and exacerbated by inversions in the democratization procedure, however quick democratization which was the situation after the breakdown of the Soviet Union may carry powerless systems unfit to build up successful control and political order† He notice these inquiries in his article â€Å"What would democratization be able to give? Would it be able to arrive at the harmony? †. And furthermore he notice â€Å"Political change or democratization can take a wide range of structures and need not continue in a unidirectional or direct manner. The hugeness is that there be consistent development towards majority rule government in a given state. Changes toward absolutism and inversions of democratization are joined by expanded dangers of war contribution. Inversions are more hazardous than progress†. At issue in this way isn't the velocity of progress toward popular government however the linearity of the procedure. Additionally the races are without a doubt the principal trial of democratization, however by reasonable and straightforward races just one doesn't fabricate a law based society. So the ‘dangerous democratization hypothesis’ has recommended that rising majority rule governments might be very inclined to global brutality, to a great extent as a result of â€Å"deformed† institutional powers. The contention is an obstruction to democratization, the arrangement of the war over the long haul additionally rests with democratization. Democratization or â€Å"mature democracies† don't take up arms against one another. The democratization propensities in the Soviet Union made numerous ethnic-patriot clashes inside its space in light of the fact that the democratization was inadequate and political establishments feeble. Along these lines, he think so as to have total democratization they have to combine their inward organizations and choose or pick a decent pioneer. Last article that I need to make reference to is â€Å"Nagorno-Karabakh: premise and truth of Soviet-time legitimate and monetary cases used to legitimize the Armenia-Azerbaijan war† composed by Adil Baguirov. In his article he keep up that with respect to the early cases that the economy of NK area was as far as anyone knows purposely dismissed by Soviet Azerbaijani specialists, to both â€Å"punish† and â€Å"root out† Armenians, and this, purportedly, left no decision than for Armenian rebellion and military activity. Amusingly, this contention didn't stand the trial of time and has been refuted by the reality, that the financial circumstance of the rest of the Armenians in the involved regions today is not really better than it was before the war. This isn't just the accord of remote columnists visiting the involved regions, yet in addition of the OSCE actuality discovering strategic February 2005 †he contends such like this in his article. Theory. Russian’s backing to Armenia prompted occupation 20% of regions of Azerbaijan. Henceforth we comprehend that Russia absolutely bolster Armenian Governments and it is a one of the reason uncertain long †enduring clash. Russia behind of this contention as known clearly needs to keep impact to Caucasus states particularly to Armenia, regardless of other significant powers in universal field. Subjects of study. In our work we are contemplating †Russian job in the contention and its help for Armenia, outcomes of the war, potential methods of settling. To discover the methods of settling and to decide the correct side we likewise use UN Charter and International Law. Precisely we will take a gander at the International Laws b

three feast discussed in john Essays - Jewish Holy Days, Christology

Jesus Christ introduces Himself as the Messiah. There are a lot of hidden imageries that Jesus relates with the Feasts of the Tabernacles. God in His definitive arrangement presents a marvelous outline for Jewish individuals to see plainly that Christ was and is the Messiah. Generally, the Jews have dismissed Christ. In the book of John 7:38-39, Christ shows a basic imagery with respect to the Feast of the Tabernacles. The Jews working on perusing sacred writings about ?the water? that was given while pondering in the desert Exodus 17:6. Jesus Christ states in John 7:38 ?That out of His midsection will stream Living Waters.? Additionally, in the Elmer Towns course reading, John Believe and Live (page 74), this is talked about also. Elmer Towns expresses that one can reach the determination that the reference to Living Waters is straightforwardly connected with the sacred text that is perused. These sacred texts are about the water in the wild from the Old Testament. Jesus Christ gave His life, body, and soul to the adherent. Another hidden imagery is the eight days of the Feast of the Tabernacles. In Matthew Henry?s Commentary volume 1 page 541 talks about the eight days of the Feast of Tabernacle in extraordinary detail. The number eight speaks to Jesus Christ. Likewise, the first and a days ago of the celebration are a period of rest. We as Believer?s are to rest in Christ, because of the way that Believers are liberated from transgression. The structure of the corners made of poplar and palm branches and the development of these stalls during days two through day seven, speak to the meandering that the Israelites experienced, in the wild. This is talked about in Matthew Henry?s Commentary volume 1 page 541. The imagery here is that earth isn't our lasting home, and paradise is our everlasting home. Alone, it is difficult to be a Believer without Christ. Christ is the husband and we are the lady as Christians. The light of the sanctuary at the Feast of the Tabernacles is one of the most one of a kind hidden imageries. In the book, Jesus is the Christ, composed by Leon Morris; Mr. Morris examines how Jesus Christ guaranteed in John 8:12 ?I am the light of the world.?(page 112) and how the portrayal of the lighting of the candelabra have direct under tones. In spite of the fact that, Dr. Morris expresses that ?Christ would of offered this expression after the fire was smothered.? Mr. Morris likewise states in his book this may likewise be concerning the mainstay of fire in Exodus.

The Effect of PTSD on People With Bipolar Disorder

The Effect of PTSD on People With Bipolar Disorder PTSD Related Conditions Print The Effect of PTSD on People With Bipolar Disorder By Matthew Tull, PhD twitter Matthew Tull, PhD is a professor of psychology at the University of Toledo, specializing in post-traumatic stress disorder. Learn about our editorial policy Matthew Tull, PhD Medically reviewed by Medically reviewed by Steven Gans, MD on August 05, 2016 Steven Gans, MD is board-certified in psychiatry and is an active supervisor, teacher, and mentor at Massachusetts General Hospital. Learn about our Medical Review Board Steven Gans, MD Updated on September 14, 2019 Bipolar Disorder Overview Symptoms & Diagnosis Causes Treatment Living With In Children Your Rights Martin Dimitrov / Getty Images Within the U.S., approximately 4% of adults will have a diagnosis of bipolar disorder at some point in their lives.?? What is bipolar disorder? Bipolar disorder is considered a mood disorder. There are two types of bipolar disorders, described as bipolar I and bipolar II. PTSD: Coping, Support, and Living Well In bipolar I disorder, a person has experienced one or more manic episodes. In most cases of bipolar I, episodes of major depression are a central aspect of the overall course of the illness. In bipolar II disorder,  hypomanic  episodes have been experienced but not manic episodes. In addition, to be diagnosed with bipolar II disorder, a person needs to have also experienced a  major depressive episode?? Bipolar disorder can have a major impact on your life; and it can also increase the risk that you develop other disorders. In fact, people with bipolar disorder have been found to be at high risk for developing a number of other mental health disorders.?? One such disorder that co-occurs with bipolar disorder at high rates is post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). The Relationship Between Bipolar Disorder and PTSD A review published in 2017 concluded that up to 40% of people with bipolar disorder also meet criteria for PTSD.?? It is not entirely surprising that high rates of PTSD are found among people with bipolar disorder, as many people with bipolar also have a history of traumatic exposure. Traumatic exposure may be more likely to occur during a manic episode when a person with bipolar disorder is more likely to make risky or impulsive decisions. In addition to being a risk factor for the development of PTSD, traumatic exposure during childhood, such as childhood physical or sexual abuse, may also be risk factors for the development of bipolar disorder.?? Overview of PTSD The Effect of PTSD Among People With Bipolar Disorder Having PTSD along with bipolar disorder can have a major negative impact on your life. People with PTSD and bipolar disorder appear to have more problems across a number of different areas in their lives. For example, PTSD has been found to worsen the quality of life for people with bipolar disorder. A 2010 study found that patients with co-occurring bipolar disorder and PTSD experienced more rapid cycling periods and increased risk for suicide attempts.?? Finally, PTSD has also been found to be associated with greater levels of depression among people with bipolar disorder, according to a 2013 study.?? How to Find Help If you have PTSD and bipolar disorder, it is very important to take steps to manage both conditions. There are a number of healthy coping strategies for managing your symptoms as well as effective treatments for bipolar disorder and PTSD. Check websites to help you find treatment providers in your area who specialize in PTSD and/or bipolar disorder. The Best Online Therapy Programs

How Teachers Can Ease Students First Day Jitters

As elementary school teachers, we can sometimes find ourselves easing our young students through times of transition. For some children, the first day of school brings anxiety and an intense desire to cling to parents. This is known as First Day Jitters, and its a natural occurrence that we may even have experienced ourselves when we were children. Beyond whole class Ice Breaker activities, its important to be aware of the following simple strategies that teachers can employ to help young students feel comfortable in their new classrooms and ready to learn in school all year long. Introduce a Buddy Sometimes one friendly face is all it takes to help a child transition from tears to smiles. Find a more outgoing, confident student to introduce to the nervous child as a buddy who will help him or her learn about the new surroundings and routines. Partnering up with a peer is a practical shortcut to helping a child feel more at home in a new classroom. The buddies should stay connected during recess and lunch for at least the first week of school. After that, make sure the student is meeting lots of new people and making several new friends at school. Give the Child Responsibility Help the anxious child feel useful and part of the group by giving him or her a simple responsibility to help you out. It could be something as simple as erasing the whiteboard or counting out colored construction paper. Children often crave acceptance and attention from their new teacher; so by showing them you rely on them for a certain task, you are instilling confidence and purpose during a critical time. Plus, staying busy will help the child focus on something concrete outside of his or her own feelings at that moment. Share Your Own Story Nervous students can make themselves feel even worse by imagining that they are the only ones who feel so worried about the first day of school. Consider sharing your own first day of school story with the child in order to reassure him or her that such feelings are common, natural, and surmountable. Personal stories make teachers appear more human and approachable to children. Make sure you mention specific strategies you used to overcome your feelings of anxiety and suggest the child try the same techniques. Give a Classroom Tour Help the child feel more comfortable in his or her new surroundings by offering a short guided tour of the classroom. Sometimes, just seeing his or her desk can go a long way toward easing uncertainty. Focus on all of the fun activities that will happen around the classroom that day and all year long. If possible, ask the childs advice for a certain detail, such as where best to place a potted plant or what color construction paper to use on a display. Helping the child feel connected to the classroom will help him or she visualizes life in the new space. Set Expectations with Parents Often, parents exacerbate nervous children by hovering, fretting, and refusing to leave the classroom. Children pick up on parental ambivalence and perhaps will be just fine once theyre left on their own with their classmates. Dont indulge these helicopter parents and allow them to stay past the school bell. Politely (but firmly) tell the parents as a group, Ok, parents. Were going to get our school day started now. See you at 2:15 for pickup! Thank you! You are the leader of your classroom and its best to take the lead, setting healthy boundaries and productive routines that will last all year long. Address the Whole Class Once the school day gets started, address the whole class about how were all feeling jittery today. Assure the students that these feelings are normal and will fade with time. Say something along the lines of, Im nervous, too, and Im the teacher! I get nervous every year on the first day! By addressing the whole class as a group, the anxious student wont feel singled out. Read a Book About First Day Jitters: Find a childrens book that covers the topic of first-day anxiety. A popular one is called First Day Jitters. Or, consider Mr. Ouchys First Day which is about a teacher with a bad case of back to school nerves. Literature provides insight and comfort for a wide variety of situations, and first-day jitters are no exception. So work it to your advantage by using the book as a springboard for discussing the issue and how to deal with it effectively Compliment the Student At the end of the first day, reinforce positive behavior by telling the student that you noticed how well he or she did that day. Be specific and sincere, but not overly indulgent. Try something like, I noticed how you played with the other kids at recess today. Im so proud of you! Tomorrows going to be great! You might also try complimenting the student in front of his or her parents at pickup time. Be careful not to give this special attention for a long while; after the first week or so of school, its important for the child to start feeling confident on his or her own, not dependent upon teacher praise.

Essay on Comparing and Contrasting Socrates, Plato, and...

Introduction: We humans like to think. Some people take it as a hobby. While others take it as a job. That is basically what a philosopher is. A philosopher is a person that usually thinks about life and tries to find out mysterious questions, and how to solve them. Since a long time ago, in ancient Greece, many people would just meditate about life, and would sit or talk and write books about life. These have always been one of Greeks reasons of why it is so famous. Because of their marvelous philosophers. The most important philosophers from that time and always are: Aristotle, Plato and Socrates. Socrates: Socrates was a very important philosopher. He usually questioned a lot about traditions, religion and government. One†¦show more content†¦Plato, his student, was the next in the philosophy success. Plato: Since the democratic people made his fellow teacher die, he decided that a perfect government is not democratic. Instead, he liked a government with workers, soldiers, and philosopher kings. That made him start to write The Republic. This book was about his opinion of a perfect government. This is a very successful book that is still read today. He also wrote everything that Socrates sad, since Socrates did not like to write down his lessons. There was a time where the government asked Plato to be part of the government. Since Plato did not like the government, he rejected the option. Instead, he kept himself as a philosopher. As a philosopher, he was more into politics. Politics was his main interest and what he mostly talked about. Lots of his books were about politics, including The Republic. Aristotle: It was clear. Aristotle thought that all men were curious by instinct. Like Plato, he did write a large amount of books. In fact, he was Platos student, as Plato was Socrates. Even though he wrote tons of books, some of them started disappearing over time. Only a few books remain. He did not have a specific interest because he was interested in everything. One of his lessons was to take everything moderated, not to the extremes. What he meant was that if you were doing something, you had to do it in the normal level, not taking it into a whole new level, orShow MoreRelatedPlato and Aristotle: An Analysis1175 Words   |  5 Pagesof Plato and Aristotle regarding the best political association. Quotes from Politics and the Republic are used to support the author’s thesis. Plato and Aristotle: An Analysis Determining the best form of political association was important to the ancient Greek philosophers Plato and Aristotle, and each of them expressed his opinion in important works such as the Republic and Politics. In explaining, comparing, and contrasting the political philosophies of Plato and Aristotle, itRead MorePlato And Platos Theory Of A Just Society1122 Words   |  5 Pagesclassical tradition of Greek philosophy. Plato was one of the first contributors to the many theories surrounding justice. Over the course of history many individuals expanded on his ideas to form their own theories. Of these individuals, many supported a utilitarian outlook. Jeremy Bentham, one of the earliest utilitarian’s, devised many theories on justice that are still held to high esteem today. These theories share much similarity to those devised by Plato, however they also display their differencesRead More Greek Education v.s Roman Education Essay examples6135 Words   |  25 Pagessi milarities. Although the Romans made an effort to reproduce the style of education maintained by the Greeks, their attempts failed; however Rome managed to adopt many principles of Greek education in the process. This is made apparent by comparing and contrasting Greek and Roman education methods as well as the explanation of the worldly problems and expectations each culture was facing during this era. It was not until Rome conquered the small Greek society, Tarentum, in 272 B.C. that they couldRead MoreGreek Education V.S Roman Education6248 Words   |  25 Pagessimilarities. Although the Romans made an effort to reproduce the style of education maintained by the Greeks, their attempts failed; however Rome managed to adopt many principles of Greek education in the process. This is made apparent by comparing and contrasting Greek and Roman education methods as well as the explanation of the worldly problems and expectations each culture was facing during this era. It was not until Rome conquered the small Greek society, Tarentum, in 272 B.C. that they couldRead MoreExistentialism vs Essentialism23287 Words   |  94 Pagesphilosophical term which asserts that there is a distinction between essential and non-essential (contingent or accidental) characteristics of an object. Essentialism assumes that objects have essences and that an object’s identity is its essence. Aristotle distinguished between an object’s essence and its existence. Its essence is â€Å"what a thing is.† Its essence is â€Å"that a thing is.† An object’s essence is the collection of all the universals that it possesses, which if it did not possess them, it wouldRead MoreA Picatrix Miscellany52019 Words   |  209 Pagestalismans on the heavenly bodies and the importance of the magician’s concentration of his energy towards his purpose, again with verbal echoes from the Ihwà ¢n al-Safà ¢Ã¢â‚¬â„¢. Along with these go aphorisms from â€Å"Plato† and Tà ¢bit ibn Qurra, as well as two extracts from a treatise ascribed to Aristotle, which is later quoted entire in Book IV, chapter 4. (pp.34-36). Examples are given of the â€Å"incantation† of talismans to make them effective. These formulae are also to be found in the Ihwà ¢n al-Safà ¢Ã¢â‚¬â„¢, where

Legal Punishments Free Essays

The two broadest types of rationales for punishment are retributive and utilitarian. Retributive rationale aims at punishing the criminal for the crime committed against the victim. This approach seems a little dubious since it calls for ‘an-eye-for-an-eye’ attitude towards the criminal. We will write a custom essay sample on Legal Punishments or any similar topic only for you Order Now Utilitarian perspective calls for solutions that hurt the smallest number of people or benefit the greatest number. Thus, the punishment according to the utilitarian perspective should be modelled in such a way as to benefit the victim and others mostly and to reduce crime rate at present and in the future. For instance, if the criminal is put in prison, he or she will not be able to commit crimes for the time spent in captivity. Deterrence, incapacitation and rehabilitation are the most popular utilitarian rationales for penalties imposed upon criminals. Deterrence means that punishment is imposed upon the criminal in order to discourage this person and others seeing this example from perpetrating crimes in the future. Incapacitation means depriving criminal of the ability to commit offences as through capital punishment or incarceration. Rehabilitation aims at reforming the criminal, empowering the person to return to normal social life. 2. Support three-strike laws through a retributive rationale and then through a utilitarian rationale. The retributive rationale, in my view, does not work very well for three-strike laws that allow life sentences for repeat offenders. If the person committing a repeat crime has already done time for this crime, there is no reason to impose an enhanced punishment for the new offence. Three-strike legislation was caused by â€Å"the problem of a significant percentage of crimes committed by people who previously have committed crimes† (Harary 2003). The laws aim to incapacitate these criminals by taking them off the street and to deter other repeat offences   through the threat of the life sentence. Rehabilitation is not the reason since criminals are not supposed to get back to society. References Harary, C.J.   (2003, April 4). Incarceration as a Modality of Punishment. Jewish Law. Retrieved on October 7, 2005 from http://www.jlaw.com/Articles/ch_incarceration.html. Hoff, S.B. (n.d.). Review of: Pojman, L. Reiman, S. (1998). The Death Penalty: For And Against. Lanham: Rowman and Littlefield Publishers, 1998. Law and Politics Book Review, 9(9), 384-386. How to cite Legal Punishments, Essay examples

Nature and Scope of Investment-Free-Samples-Myassignementhelp.com

Question: Analyze which Project is better in order to make more Profits and Invest into the Project. Answer: Introduction: Mark and Paul, two marketing students want to start their own start-up. They both present two investment opportunity in front of the investors in which they could invest. As they both are the student of marketing and wondering that which investment opportunity would offer them more profitability and which opportunity would be better to attract more investors to invest into the company. Mark and Paul have explained both the opportunities and all the financial figures related to both the investment project. Now in this report, the financial figures of the proposals have been organized to evaluate and conclude a better result. Mark and Paul have come up with two ideas one is investment into the business of restaurant and other one is to invest into the new business development. Through this report, it has been tried to evaluate that which opportunity is investment is better and why it is better. Before it, the nature of the investment has also been concerned. For this report, various financial tools have been used. Nature and scope of investment: Investments are recognized as a key financial term. This is a process in which an individual, company or society put some efforts and money to get back more money in return. In financial terms, individuals or the groups invest their savings into the financial market to increase the total worth of the invested amount. Investment is of numerous types. An investor could invest into the financial securities according to the requirement such as for short term investment, corporate securities and treasury bonds are good option whereas for long term investment, share and debentures are good option. Investment nature is quite complex (Gitman and Zutter, 2012). It is quite flexible, it is not required that the investment would always offer the high return to the company. Investment is a process which provides the various opportunities to the investors on the basis of risk and return factor. Restaurant purchase and expenses: Mark and Paul have come up with two ideas one is investment into the business of restaurant and other one is to invest into the new business development. In first investment proposal, both of them have explained that if the Mark and Paul would invest into this opportunity than the following expenses and income would be got by the company (Lafond and Roychowdhury, 2008). Both the students are not aware about the financial figures and thus the investment opportunity has been analyzed to identify that whether this opportunity would offer them high return or would there be any risk factor for the opportunity. Below are the information related to the restaurant purchase and expenses opportunity: Restaurant Purchase and Expenses Machinery $ 1,10,000 Furniture $ 30,000 Vehicle for Deliveries $ 43,000 Utensils (cups and plates) $ 18,000 Products $ 10,000 Drinks (For 1 month) $ 20,000 Jun-01 Bank balance $ 80,000 Purchase $10000 for a week of meals Purchase of $ 20,000 for a month of drinks Amount would be paid according to the following derails: 10% in current month 45% in second month 45% in third month Labour Number of casual labour 3 Working in a day (hours) 6 hours In a week (days) 6 days Rate $ 23 per hour Drawings $ 10000 each per month Overhead $ 5,000 Sales 20000 meals in first month 18000 meals in second month 18000 meals in third month 22000 in forth month Average selling price $ 45 Drink sales would be triples the amount of meals per month. Drink Price $ 6 (Nobes and Parker, 2008) Through the above figures, the return from the investment has been analyzed. For calculating the return from this investment planning, budgeting techniques have been used. Sales budget: Sales budget is the main budget which depict about the total sales of the investment opportunity. Through the sales budget of the company, it has been analyzed that the sales of this investment would start from august and would go on ahead. In June and July, it would take time to start up the restaurant. According to the given details in the case, it has been found that from the first month of trade, restaurant would sell approx 20000 meals in the first month and further the units would vary according to the season (Van der Stede, 2001). $ 45 has been set by the Mark and Paul as selling price of the project. Further, the drinks would also be sold by the in $ 6 per drink and the sale of drink would totally depend over the sale of the meals. Drink sale would be thrice of meal sale. Following are the details of the sales budget of the restaurant: Sales budget For the year 2017 June July August September Sales of meals 18000 22000 Sales per unit $ 45 $ 45 Sales price $ 8,10,000 $ 9,90,000 Sales of drink 54000 66000 Sales per unit $ 6 $ 6 Sales price $ 3,24,000 $ 3,96,000 Total Sales $ 11,34,000 $ 13,86,000 The above calculations express that the total sales of the drink and the meal of the company would be $ 3,24,000 and $ 3,96,000 and $ 8,10,000 and $ 9,90,000 in the month of august and sales. Through this, it has also found that the total sales of the company would be $ 11,34,000 in the month of august and $ 13,86,000 in the month of September. Labor budget: Labour budget is the main budget which depict about the total labour hours and total labour rate of the investment opportunity. Through the labour budget of the company, it has been analyzed that the labour of this investment would be rigid from the first day of the June. In June and July, it would take time to start up the restaurant. According to the given details in the case, it has been found that from the first month of start up, 3 labours would work with the company. Following are the details of the labour budget of the restaurant: Restaurant Purchase and Expenses Labour budget For the year 2017 June July August September Number of labour 3 3 3 3 Working in a day (hours) 6 6 6 6 In a week (days) 6 6 6 6 Total weeks 4 4 4 4 Total Working hours 432 432 432 432 Rate 23 23 23 23 Total Labour rate 9936 9936 9936 9936 The above calculations express that the total labour hour of the company would be 432 in every month. All of them would work for 6 days in a week on the payment of $ 23 per hour. The total labour hour of the company would be $ 9936 in every month. Cash budget: Cash budget is the main budget which depict about the total cash outflow and inflow of the investment opportunity. Through the cash budget of the company, it has been analyzed that ho much cash outflow and cash inflow would take place from the first day of the investment. In June and July, it would take time to start up the restaurant and thus the revenue would not be there (Garrison et al, 2010). According to the given details in the case, it has been found that from the first month of start up, cash outflow of the company has taken place. Following are the details of the cash budget of the restaurant: Restaurant Purchase and Expenses Cash budget For the year 2017 June July August September Beginning cash balance $ 80,000 -155936 -192872 855192 Add: budgeted cash receipts for meal and drinks $ - $ - $ 11,34,000 $ 13,86,000 Total cash available for use $ 80,000 $ -1,55,936 $ 9,41,128 $ 22,41,192 Less: cash disbursements Direct Material of meals and drinks $ 2,000 $ 51,000 $ 60,000 direct Labour $ 9,936 $ 9,936 $ 9,936 $ 9,936 Overhead $ 5,000 $ 5,000 $ 5,000 $ 5,000 Withdrawals $ 20,000 $ 20,000 $ 20,000 $ 20,000 Machinery $ 1,10,000 Furniture $ 30,000 Vehicle $ 43,000 Utensils $ 18,000 Total disbursements $ 2,35,936 $ 36,936 $ 85,936 $ 94,936 Cash surplus $ -1,55,936 $ -1,92,872 $ 8,55,192 $ 21,46,256 budgeted ending cash balance $ -1,55,936 $ -1,92,872 $ 8,55,192 $ 21,46,256 The above calculations express that the total cash outflow of the company would be $ 2,35,936, $ 36,936, $85,936 and $ 94,936. Total cash inflow of the company would be $ 80,000, $ -1,55,936, $ 9,41,128 and $ 22,41,192. Through these calculations, it has been analyzed that the $ -1,55,936, $ -1,92,872, $ 8,55,192 and $ 21,46,256. Overview and analysis of budgets: According to all the above budgets and the calculations of the budgets, it has been found that the investment would offer a good return to the investors after august month. Through these reports, it has been found that the Mark and Paul must make the changes into the operations of the restaurant (Deegan, 2013). The budgeting technique depict that the future of this investment opportunity is quite attractive. Practical issues of investment: The investment opportunity of the restaurant purchase and the expenses has been analyzed and it has been found that the Mark and Paul could face some issues in raising the funds through investment, as investor would not trust over their restaurant proposal for first instance and it would also be tough for them to manage the business according to the economical condition and the location of the restaurant. The associated risk of the restaurant is also higher (Du and Girma, 2009). New business development: Mark and Paul have come up with two ideas one is investment into the business of restaurant and other one is to invest into the new business development. In second investment proposal, both of them have explained that if the Mark and Paul would invest into this opportunity than the following cash outflow and inflow would be got by the company. Both the students are not aware about the financial figures and thus the investment opportunity has been analyzed to identify that whether this opportunity would offer them high return or would there be any risk factor for the opportunity. Below are the information related to the new business development opportunity. Initial Cost $ -3,90,000 Cash Inflows June $ 1,00,000 July $ 2,30,000 Aug $ 1,90,000 Sept $ 1,40,000 The above figures depict that the NPV of the company is $ 1,06,851.08 which depict about the positive results. Further, it has been found that the payback period calculation depict that the investor would get back the amount in 3.77 years and accounting rate of return depict that 27.40% would be the average return of the company. Comparison: An investment opportunity is basically depends over the risk and return factor associated with the proposal. Through comparing and analyzing both the projects, it has been analyzed that the return from the first proposal is bit higher whereas it has also been found that the associated risk of second proposal is bit lower. The investors must consider both these factors and must make a better decision on the basis of this. Conclusion: Lastly, it has been concluded that the return from the first proposal is bit higher whereas it has also been found that the associated risk of second proposal is bit lower. The investors must consider both these factors and must make a better decision on the basis of this. References: Deegan, C., 2013.Financial accounting theory. McGraw-Hill Education Australia. Du, J. and Girma, S., 2009.Source of finance, growth and firm size: evidence from China(No. 2009.03). Research paper/UNU-WIDER. Garrison, R.H., Noreen, E.W., Brewer, P.C. and McGowan, A., 2010. Managerial accounting.Issues in Accounting Education,(25(4), pp.79(2-793. Gitman, L.J. and Zutter, C.J., 2012.Principles of managerial finance. Prentice Hall. Kaplan, R.S. and Atkinson, A.A., 2015.Advanced management accounting. PHI Learning. Lafond, R. and Roychowdhury, S. 2008. Managerial ownership and accounting conservatism.Journal of accounting research,46(1), pp.101-135. Nobes, C. and Parker, R.H. 2008.Comparative international accounting. Pearson Education. Van der Stede, W.A. 2001. Measuring tight budgetary control.Management Accounting Research,1(2(1), pp.119-137.

Into to future autobiography Essays - Frankie Laine Discography

Option 3 As I sit here on this fine early morning in my rocking chair, wearing only a bath robe with a warm cup of tea in hand. My legs are crossed and I am looking off into the sweet blue early morning sky. I think about my past, I reminisce. I am 75 years old now, gray in the face, gray in the beard, and grey in the eyes. I now walk with a cane, and some say I am growing weaker but my mind has never been stronger. I think of a time when my hair was full and shined golden brown in the sunlight and I still had a raging fire in my eyes, I chuckle at myself as a boy. I was so na?ve. As a boy one day I would feel like I had the bull by the horns and the next I felt like life had chewed me up and spat me back out. Nonetheless I never gave up, there have been times that I have thought about it but I never did. I knew what I wanted out of my life and I would have done anything to do it. What I wanted, to some, may of seemed simple but to me it was a daunting task that no one could stop me from achi eving. I wanted to be a teacher. I wanted to teach English. But beyond having the title of a ?teacher? I wanted more than anything to influence and spark the imagination of young minds. I wanted to show my students the power of literature. Because the power of Literature is greater than that of anything else in our world. Literature gives you and me the power to be whatever we want to be in that very moment. One student could be a helpless romantic saving the girl of his dreams and stealing her breathe as he rescues her from an evil prince, while the kid next to him could be a brave worrier battling a flank of enemies from on top of his black stallion, with nothing but a sword and the honor of his country to defend. And I wanted to teach the world this even if it was by one single pupil at a time. I had a theory that it only takes one great mind to change the world. And maybe that great mind was not me, but maybe I could be the one to spark that great mind or idea. And I am proud t o sit here old, gray, and worn knowing that I did everything I could. I gave it my all. And I am quite sure that I did my job and completed my task. I now am a retired English professor, quite different than that na?ve boy with a full head of beautiful brown hair. I have a family now, a beautiful wife, and 2 lovely daughters. One married and has given me 2 of the most precious grandbabies a man could ask for with another one on the way. The other married and followed in the steps of her daddy, inspiring children. In my auto biography My Life as a Thinker and Teacher you will see my transformation from a young kid with nothing but an idea to a profound expert of Literary studies teaching college students and forming a beautiful family along the way.

Sir Gawain and the Green Knight essays

Sir Gawain and the Green Knight essays In the epic poem, Sir Gawain and the Green Knight, the author uses the protagonist, Sir Gawain, to illustrate the heroic ideals of chivalry, loyalty and honesty in fourteenth century England. The poem depicts the fabled society of King Arthur and the Knights of the Round Table. It extols and idolizes the virtues of the fabled kingdom. In the poem, Gawain is the epitome of virtue and all that is good. Throughout the poem, however, his character is constantly tested and his integrity is compromised. In the end, Gawain proves that, although he is fallible, he is an honest and chivalrous man of heroic stature. The poem begins on New Year's Eve in Camelot during a huge dinner celebration. The author elaborately details the "feasting and fellowship and carefree mirth" and sets the scene with "fair folk" and "gentle knights". (p. 2) Amid the merriment and festivities of these noble persons, a huge man on horseback dressed entirely in green, gallops into the hall. Arrogantly he issues a challenge to everyone at the feast for someone to come forward and strike him with his axe. To this man, the green knight promises to award his adversary with his beautiful axe on the condition that in a year from then the challenger should also receive the same single blow of the axe in return. Such a challenge baffles the court and no one responds until, finally, King Arthur stands up and accepts the green knight's offer, though claiming it ridiculous. With grandeur and the courteous air of a hero, Sir Gawain stands up and graciously asks to be granted the challenge on behalf of the king. Such a courageous and noble act defines the character of Sir Gawain. With an adept swing of the sword he swiftly beheads the illustrious green knight. Yet, instead of killing him, the green knight picks up his head, tells him to seek out the green chapel and warns him not to shirk from what he has promised, "Sir Gawain, forget not to go as agreed,/ And cea...

Detective methods Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Detective methods - Essay Example Poe uses Dupin as a catalyst for this evolution in criminal science; however, there are clearly peripheral distinctions and benefits that are a direct result of this innovation. The high level of competency and discipline that Dupin uses to raise the level of criminal science standards in addition to the goal and initiatives of those working in law enforcement is highly indicative of how Dupin views the state of law enforcement. Poe uses the strategies and algorithms of Dupin as a guiding light of change to the institutional culture of law enforcement training. Every generation and century must allow for changes in the culture of training in regards to law enforcement or any other significant discipline and institution. These factors and realities have a direct correlation in the societal changes that must occur through variances in societal interaction and cooperation that is used to attain the maxim benefits of a cosmopolitan society. In regards to law enforcement, this same societal interaction and cosmopolitan environment is required and necessary for continued success and efficiency in all facets of law enforcement. Edgar Allan Poe was clearly ahead of his time in ascertaining the societal principles that develop competency and quality in life and work. Poe/Doyle 3 Analysis: Arthur Conan Doyle While Edgar Allan Poe's C. Auguste Dupin represents the modular and separatist out of the box thinkers that are catalysts for change and innovation in specific disciplines and society, Arthur Conan Doyle's Sherlock Holmes represents the competent leaders that must remain an integral part of the systemic infrastructure of those same disciplines and societies in order ensure that change and innovation coming from both realms are understood and articulated in continuity with those changes and innovation. Doyle strengthens this point by pairing Holmes with Dr. Watson who benefits from the wealth of knowledge that emanates from Holmes in addition to the societal interaction that undoubtedly promotes professional reciprocity and decorum in every sense of the word. Theoretically, this has a correlation to how change must be inclusive concerning subordinates in order to keep the infrastructure of law enforcement institutions strong. This also facilitates an environment where the law enforcem ent institution will benefit from a talent pool that dramatically increases the amount of innovative options and variables that will keep law enforcement agencies relevant to the societal times in which they exist and are tasked with defending.

The Marketing Plan Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

The Marketing Plan - Research Paper Example The market is therefore stable and still promises to grow. Every product producer and service provider has a unique way of marketing. The uniqueness of the marketing structure therefore promises either a profitable venture or a loss-ridden one. Depo-Provera, medically known as depot medroxyprogesterone acetate (DMPA), is a hormone injection that alters the production of estrogen. It therefore prevents a woman from producing ova. The product has been in the market and continues to expand to newer ones across the world (Frey, 1956). Situational analysis The market for contraceptive products continues to grow if not stable. The married, for instance, have an obligation of regulating the number of children they have depending on their financial stability and social preferences. The married form the greatest market shareholders. Because of their obligations, they shop for the most appropriate contraceptive methods. Additionally, the market is also composed of any other mature sexually act ive person within the country. However, the product targets those who have sexual intercourse regularly and is therefore more advisable on the married or commercial sex workers. Currently, there are a number of products in the market that provide similar functions. The most common of these include Nuvaring, another is Intrauterine Device (IUD) while Ortho Evra (patch) together with birth Pills also form part of these. All these and many others have their strengths and weaknesses that make them hold the market shares they currently dominate. As the market continues to grow, Depo-Provera continues to expand its market share which is a clear show of effective marketing strategies by the marketers of the company. Depo-Provera has a number of strengths which it has used as its competitive advantages over the years. Unlike other contraceptives, Depo-Provera is not used daily. A single injection lasts a month. This is a relief to many women who use the daily injections or the daily pills w hich normally tend to have severe bodily reactions. The monthly menstrual flow is a bother to many women; the hormonal injection alters the body making a woman miss her periods for three consecutive months (Abrams & Eugene, 2003). Additionally, the use of the injection is proven to reduce the chances of a woman suffering from ovarian cancer. Some of the used contraceptives normally have side effects some of which are as acute as the contraction of ovarian cancer. The use of Depo-Provera minimizes this risk thereby providing its user with the peace of mind and longevity of use. However, the product, just as any other in the market, presents a number of side effects, which also sum up as its weaknesses. Being a hormone, the injection reduces the thickness of the uterine lining. This results in reduced rates of the monthly bleeding and after a prolonged use, some women experience no bleeding at all. Such occurrence may affect the mental stability of many women who consider it normal fo r a woman to experience the monthly period especially when not using a contraceptive. Women may also after stopping the use of this contraceptive experience an excessive bleeding. This is normally because of the hormonal imbalance which is rectified through medication. The expansion strategy of the product is governed by a

Effect of Standard Pricing Changes on Firm Operations

Effect of Standard Pricing Changes on Firm Operations The Rise and Fall of Standard Pricing and Its Effect on Everyday Operations For European and American Firms Table of contents (Jump to) Executive summary General overview Accounting overview Literature review Standard pricing as accounting practice Operations management Operations life cycle Continuous improvement Core value systems Discussion and conclusion References EXECUTIVE SUMMARY The overall purpose of this paper and study is to investigate cost or lean accounting within the operations management realm and how its unpredictable rise and fall allow organisations to continuously learn and utilize knowledge management as a core value. It was also important to use a larger organisation that has history of outstanding operations and customer centered focus upon services. This investigation will require an in-depth study of work processes, communication and leadership with regard to knowledge management as a value within the team construct while looking at how this reflects leaning accounting principles. What tools are available and what kind of evolution is Nestle undergoing in order to remain competitive in a changing economy? How does this change knowledge management and communication company wide? What this study argues is that accounting practices are changing due to the evolving business plan. This is a movement toward modern accounting and it is important to see the relationships between costing accounting, its fluctuations and how they impact the health of the organisation as a whole with regard to productivity and job satisfaction. How an organisation applies methods of costing into its framework for accounting of expenses and its direct rise and fall over the time period of the product life cycle, directly influences the production, operation, distribution and employee retention of the global company. In fact changes in accounting practices have led to many tried and true business models to no longer exist. Costing and its rise and fall can have a direct relationship with success and competitive advantage in the market place. However the purpose of this study is to explore and reflect upon how accounting practices change operations management and the supply chain management model as a tool of managers and team members alike. Really it is how accounting practices have changed business practices because of new legislation focusing on global companies in Europe and the United States. Accounting costs, expenses and losses reflects the health of the organisation and with change comes confusion. This study argues th at with such changes comes a lack of defining the company’s value within the market but also the value it has for its employees, as they become active participants and investors. GENERAL OVERVIEW How corporate accounting is handled is changing worldwide. How each expense is accounted for within an organisation’s financial sheets has been evolving. Such a proposal for change has received much commentary from not only the financial community and corporate America but also key members of Congress, European union leaders and the public. Such a response results from the uncertainty that such change will benefit businesses and economic growth. It is feared that such change will have the opposite effect and cause world leaders to lose its competitive edge in the global market. Still this has not stopped the fuel of the fire as the American Financial Accounting Standards Board (also referred to as FASB) has struggled for an answer to such a dilemma. The urgency for a solution has only been stressed recently in light of such debacles like Enron and Tyco. It is believed that companies do need to account honestly for expenses but at what price to its employees, the public and the economy? Part of the issue with current legislation to change the practice of accounting for employee stock options is that there is no real way to value their worth. This creates an unsettling feeling among investors and employees struggling to understand this benefit. ACCOUNTING OVERVIEW What this truly means for any corporation functioning globally or even locally this that effective cost accounting because a volatile issue for management to consider. One could argue that such rise and fall of how costing/pricing pays a part in the entire operation has a negative effect upon how the company’s valuation is seen on the open market. Costing at every step of the product life cycle plays a huge part in how this valuation is decided from inventory at the shop floor level, to everyday operations management, to an employee’s value with the company and their net worth personally. Changes within the global economy in the recent years the disappearance of tried and true business models leaves many with a poor taste in their mouths because one must understand how efficiency, affordability and effective leadership come into play. Effective pricing or costing of routine operations and corporate behaviours must be tracked and studied in order to carve the fat. This s tudy aims to look at exactly what the rise and fall of pricing or costing means to a global organisation conducting business on many levels. For the purpose of proving the argument that such changes in accounting practice has a negative effect on the organisation, one will look at examples from the shop floor to the employee’s estimated value with the company in the form of job satisfaction. Accounting for such expensing and pricing correctly is what makes the organisation strong but also accurate in valuation. With this in mind, traditional business models like Wal-Mart and Nestle are discussed because these are globally operating corporations. Debates about whether or not the fair value of the employee and the company stock options should be expensed on the income statement continue to rage among industry representatives, politicians, and pundits. Expense recognition of stock options can have significant impacts on net income and earnings per share, so this is a debate worth having. But many of those who analyze companies consider operating cash flow a better performance metric than income. One reason is that operating cash flow is thought to be free from the infection that makes income grossly weakened. In the case of employee worth and stock values, however, there is proof that this assumption is flawed. Option exercise affects operating cash flows in ways that analysts need to understand. Repurchasing shares to fund option exercise also results in financing cash outflows. The net cash flow impacts of options are often negative, but can be quite volatile from year to year. LITERATURE REVIEW STANDARD PRICING AS ACCOUNTING PRACTICE It can be difficult to assess why a product has a certain cost or price to the consumer. How is it that companies arrive at certain amount for a product or service? What are the factors that play into this amount and do they change over time while in the market? Mish defines clearly, price as being â€Å"the value or worth; the quality of one thing that is exchanged or demanded in barter or sale for another† (2004, p. 985). A mistake that happens to many companies is they allow the market to manage the price of the product and avoid strategic management of pricing in general. What is usually done according to Nagle is â€Å"they list the prices based on their own needs and then adjust transaction prices to based on what customers say they are willing to pay. Only a few companies question why someone is willing to pay no more that a particular amount or how that willingness could be changed† (2002, p. 1). In order to be strategic in pricing, a company must confident and understand that â€Å"pricing involves managing customers’ expectations to induce them to pay for the value they receive† (Nagle 2002, p.1). Fortunately, when it comes to financial products, many customers remain in the dark about product and services. Sometimes a service oriented company such as the Bank of England can take advantage of such undulation but as more information becomes available due to the Internet, it is becoming increasingly more difficult for a company to set the pace this way. More than not, more companies especially financial ones that rely on customer relationships, allow for a value-based price structure that is contingent on the customer paying when value is delivered. This type of pricing system relies heavily on segmentation of the demographic when it comes to offering promotions and incentives to buster customer loyalty. Much of this applies to financial type products that are well defined for the consumer either through education or these pr oducts are a must in life like the credit or loan product. Keeping this in mind, many financial products consist of high quality products and add-ons that when offered by one company allows that company to diversify and establish the price. The table here below aids in illustrating this point. Table 1: Pricing Strategies (Anderson Bailey 1998, p. 2) It is also important for a company to keep in mind demand for the product or service. This is why diversification and globalization are quickly becoming elements of strategy as companies look for new ways to target consumers and enter new areas where their original product has a new life cycle. This is a matter of economics but important for understanding marketing strategy with regards to cost switching or price switching. â€Å"The greater the price elasticity, the closer the company can price products to similar competitive products and vice versa† (Allen 2002). In an industry like the mortgage industry where homeownership is more prevalent in Western nations, elasticity is high and therefore, it is fair to remain competitive with other companies. Also a company like Nestle can bet that charging less may lead to more food products created as customers find they get more service for less money. In this respect elasticity can work either way. It really depends on degree of ri sk one company is willing to take. Still it remains to be found if such a tactic even works when it comes to customer loyalty, as this will be explored in greater detail later. However, it remains to be seen if price loyalty does exist. It seems â€Å"the key to effectively competing for loyalty is ensuring the quality of the customer experience, not the quantity of customer rewards or discount prices† (Compton 2005, p.1). However, the price needs to be adjusted for what the customer expects. It can be a cycle that changing continuously depending on the product or service. Carmona, and et al (2004), writes of the origin of activity based costing method of accounting or ABC that came into vogue in Europe during the 1920s. What ABC does specifically as Carmona, and et al (2004) speak of Vollmers’s work as: Deployed significant efforts to account for distribution and marketing costs, which ‘tend to be ignored today.’ This first event is then taken as record of the origin (both in terms of time and space), from which the new practice mainly spread both temporally and spatially. (p. 36) This is the start of a movement toward the double entry system and this saw delay and many weaknesses because it did not present a clear, complete picture of accounting. Its weaknesses were found in inefficiencies with charges and discharges. As a result, early double-entry systems were seen as unreliable and not useful to big business. It would not be until later that advanced book keeping procedures would take into account advanced operating processes in production. Carmona, and et al (2004) found these systems although not perfected were used in England and the Colonies as early as 1760 (p. 37). It seems this was the trend as no real streamlined, conforming system would be adopted until modern business practices came into place in the United States. Move to a global arena and model of production purposes and a more refined system is needed because a lot more is at stake. Global business is all about the details. It became common practice more investment applied, the more generally accepted accounting practices became as a diffusion of new technology. Accounting practices became more generally accepted behaviours as businesses became bigger and more prominent in communities across the world. Practices are implemented as Abu-Raddaha, and et al (2000) surmises the following: The information provided by accounting should facilitate international trade and capital flows, not hamper them. It should inform, not just report. More importantly the information demands of both domestic and international financing and other commercial relationships, have to be satisfied. (p. 19). Everything must remain in balance or presented as a well-oiled machine. How does an organisation get to this point of transformation with its accounting practices? Modern accounting asks for more participation and optimisation from the start to finish by the corporate accountant. The actions of the corporate accountants must change as the movement toward lean functioning continues to take place. It should not be a painful process but one of creativity, flexibility and growth. There is a concern that lean accounting requires one to turn off creativity and be boxed into one function or thought process. This will be explored late as a post-modern viewpoint of business where each person has a function within the total quality management or TQM perspective. Modern business may use this as a framework but the modern business model has evolved beyond this fixed view. The truth of the matter is that modern accounting practices could not be further from this view of being boxed in but rather goes beyond breaking the box and creating a different mindset where thin king is seen differently than before. Accounting is seen differently as not having finite possibilities but infinite reasoning. Traditional methods are flawed as proposed by Van Der Merwe and Thomson (2007), â€Å"the direct costing approach doesn’t absorb any overhead or even fixed costs†¦resource consumption accounting or RCA makes no arbitrary assignments at all† (p. 29). A lean, effective method allows for a more detailed account of capacity costs and a basic approach to data collection. Modern times call modern values and thought processes with regard to business seamless behaviour across the production floor. The lean method maintains a â€Å"one-touch flow system† (Van Der Merwe Thomson 2007, p. 29) for information diffusion across the life cycle. This one-touch flow system can be integrated with a supply chain easily and reflects this value added element as a method for better, honest accounting. OPERATIONS MANAGEMENT A most important factor for facilities management to recognize is the use of Total Quality Management (TQM) or a variation of TQM. TQM according to David Steingard is â€Å"a set of techniques and procedures used to reduce or eliminate variation from the production process or service delivery system in order to improve efficiency† (Steingard 2002, p. 2). TQM fits with the facilities management way of doing things as many of their functions require repetition or constant monitoring of daily, weekly and monthly items. Because this is a modernist concept and the modernist movement believed in certainty and static methods of looking at the world, there is not much room for the uncertainty that change creates in today’s workplace using strictly TQM. Therefore either change in this environment must be controlled change or a variation of TQM must be used for the process to work and involve new technologies. Otherwise, TQM alone invents a work environment reminiscent of Franz L ang’s Metropolis and dehumanizes the employee. A variation TQM can be used in facilities management to aid defining team member responsibilities as it sees the whole team as a â€Å"machine creates a system of interlocking parts each with clearly defined use, centralized authority and high degrees of worker discipline culminating with the goal of routinised, efficient and predictable system performance† (Steingard 2002, p. 2). Each team member plays a role in the functioning of the machine. Still much like today’s business environment where change is constant, this system requires continued adjustment, modification improvement of function. TQM as way of defining a work process cannot operate entirely in today’s global market because it succeeds at the expense of innovation and the growth of the employee. It also does not leave room to incorporate change and new ways of improving functions. Still a memory of pure TQM feeds the â€Å"modernist machine of c onsumer capitalism which encourages over-consumption, planned obsolescence, ecological damage and depletion of natural resources† (Steingard 2002, p. 4). This memory has also burdened management as the obsession for perfection, control, consistency, productivity and efficiency increases over time. In today’s facilities team, there must be a healthy medium to not only use past methods for increased productivity and efficiency but also to include modern tools and equipment to make the job easier. In order to remain competitive, technology cannot be ignored, the systems it provides must be implemented in order for logistics to remain seamless and keep up with demand and customer expectation. For instance failure to embrace logistics and technology results in inventory costing a company more money to store than it is worth. McCullogh writes, â€Å"Right now sitting around the globe is a bunch of inventory (worth an estimated) United States $1 trillion—United States $1 trillion of boxes of stuff is just sitting around a warehouse† (‘Warning: Don’t Snub Logistics’, p. 1). This has the potential to represent about 60 percent of the average company’s working capital. This is capital in limbo that is not maximizing its investment potential. A sign of successful shop floor operations is reliance on very little warehousing. In other words, warehousing is measured as the amount of days per month a product sits in the warehouse and if logistics is implemented effectively, this number will decrease and stabilize. The retail average storage of inventory is 26 days of investment not being utilized, profit being lost and daily expenses being incurred in an endless holding pattern. In order to reduce the amount of days inventory sits means companies must create tighter relationships with suppliers via the web or perfect a system of communication between resources to cut out warehousing all together. Instead of inventory remaining stored because of wireless communication and data collection, the product can go straight from the supply source to the retailer’s shelves via a distribution centre that acts much like mail sorting centre. This can work because technology enables a retailer to send data immediately to the supplie r of products that are moving off the shelves with a click of a button. From this electronic message, the supplier knows what the retailer needs, what products are popular, how much and sends then instantly to the retailer’s distribution centre. In organisations the size of Nestle or Wal-Mart, logistics strategy requires much forethought and planning, as there are many branches and divisions that are involved in the process. The idea is to reduce expenses and increase value to the organisation by making the company more productive and efficient. This needs to be done as seamlessly as possible to continue brand loyalty and customer relations while maintaining market share and competitive advantage. In many ways, implementation of this strategy creates a delicate balance. In order to have better Business to Business or B2B relationships, one must understand the connection. Robert Thierauf and Hoctor (2003) explain, â€Å"B2B is about connecting shared businesses and information processes of the extended trading networks, planning, shipping and logistics, inventory management and customer retention to name a few† (Thierauf Hoctor, p. 181). In other words, an optimized planning process can save millions dollars and allow a multination corporation to carry out its objective and gain market share. This means applying advanced technology such as i2 used by Dell Computers and typical ERP vendors. In today’s act of doing business, B2B exchanges are based on supply chain management or SCM technologies (Thierauf Hoctor, 2003, p. 182). This will mean considerable investment in such technology but the benefit of market share will prove it to be a valued investment over the long-run (Burn Hachney 2002; Scerbo 1999). Running these centres effectively certainly poses a challenge of management. Manufacturers must develop new skills and confront channel conflicts with dealers, distributors and independent operators. Leaders in these positions must have an understanding of managing the conflicts in these channels. But well-managed distribution centres would more than justify the risks, as it would save the organisation a significant amount of overhead. With operating expenses as the main cost, it is possible to make the distribution venture essentially self-funding. Facilities can be rented on short-term leases and surrendered if the location isnt successful within a year or two. The cost of goods and labour can be managed as volume grows. Companies should remember that a manufacturers original warranty work usually accounts for about half of the labour expenses and for as much as 20 percent of the total value of services rendered, but these costs are typically charged back to the business unit rather than borne by the company’s distribution. In markets poorly served by local dealers or other distributors, for instance, a centre should gear itself to its company’s end users or consumers by choosing a high-traffic retail site. Profits at these locations are generated largely through the sale of accessories and optional services to walk-in or mail order customers; outlets thus need appealing product displays or sales pr esentations. Different kinds of retail distribution centres pursue different economic models. Although gross margins on sales to end-users are higher, orders tend to be smaller. Locations that focus on distributors can achieve scale faster and be just as profitable. The largely similar economics of service centres vary only according to which customer segment is best served at each location. Companies run their own centres and tie management bonuses to profit and growth goals at each site. Either way, some support functions, such as marketing, human resources and information and financial systems, are best managed at the corporate level. Warehouses and distributions centres are caught in a squeeze between customer service demands and cost drivers. The challenge for most organisations is create a network that can deliver on customer demands while keeping costs down. This is the number challenge in supply chain management. Supply chain management presents a huge undertaking when it comes to overhead operating costs. Many of the tools have come down in price because usability has gotten easier. As a result, more and more companies are adopting a supply chain management philosophy for distribution and are re-evaluating its effectiveness every two years as opposed to before at every five years. Management members are interested to see if the efficiency of the centre matches its service level provided. Research has found a direct relationship between the number of distribution points, transportation costs and customer service targets. The network and its design are driven by improvements so that the cost of transportation can be offset. This may include reviewing an organisation’s transportation arrangements. Loading patterns should also be examined to find ways to cube out containers and trailers (Trunick, p. 1). What possibilities can be used to have a cost-effective outcome for the distribution centre? Does this mean consolidating shipments or a move to parcel and less than truckload shipments? Can shipments be combined to make greater use of truck cargo space? Can the organisation hire rail or air as better shipping alternatives to using company trucks over longer distances? In addition to examining loading can the routes used by the trucks be adjusted to be add to cost-efficiency? An organisation would benefit using their state’s transportation management system or a department of transportation, DOT to map out distribution volumes and patterns. This would help in providing dynamic routing options that can be flexible to change distribution needs in the network. This can benefit the fleet by reducing fuel supply needs and help control costs and usage. These efficiencies would result because the routes would decrease in mileage and also wear/tear on the vehicles and insurance costs. Efficiency inside the four walls of the distribution centre can also be improved. Relatively speaking the size of the average distribution centre has grown from 300,000 square feet to one million square feet (Trunick, p. 2). This is simply due to operating space needed to move inventory from point a to point b. But the real reason the distribution centre is larger today is mainly because organisations have seen the need to put all operations under one roof. By putting multiple facilities into one larger distribution centre improves the time it takes to transport inventory. Still the larger centre is made possible because of improved transportation systems but also implementation new technologies that not only enhance a brick and mortar store but also a virtual one. Plus, the organisation has the manpower under one roof. The company only rents one building and keeps the inventory in one place rather than moving it from warehouse to warehouse. This allows the company to provide better service to the consumer. Because of these factors, information systems are critical to the success of the larger distribution centre. Data has the need to travel from one area to another and that is why more and more companies are investing in radio frequency terminals both handheld and vehicle mounted. Investment of these RFID systems is not inexpensive and many retailers such Wal-Mart and Target are looking for ways to enrich the present technology and systems without implementing a whole new infrastructure into the walls of the centre. By being able to enhance present systems proves to be cost effective because not only is an upgrade cheaper but also it is easier to train employees to run. It is a company’s ability to effectively handle investment of new technologies that allows the centre to run better. Still as Trunick writes, the concern is not found in hardware but in data. â€Å"Databases have traditionally been structured to feed a number of different systems, but that’s not a long term architectural solution† (p. 2). Part of the problem a distribution centre faces with data storage is being able to provide the data in real time and allowing the data to remain clean and not crowd. As a result many companies are searching for better solutions than using RFID in supply chain management. It has not proven to be productive in the distribution centre setting not like 8 percent in the warehouse setting (Trunick, p. 2). One new technology that was introduced to the Nestle facilities management team in 2006 was the use of a computerized tracking system for client user orders. This system was implemented to better track the status of job orders among the team members. This system acted to alert a team member of potential deadlines and current job load status. It also allowed management to better track individual and team progress. This resulted in a monthly recognition program to signify when quotas had been met or when a team member received a client user compliment. This system also had the capability to record the negative such as being late to a service call or failing to complete monitoring of weekly items for inspection. The system would then e-mail the team member and the direct supervisor if such conduct occurred (Facilities Training Group 2007, p. 11). This system replaced the old process of â€Å"tracking† client user orders that consisted of logging each order into a spiral notebook. With the advent of the company’s intranet site, management hoped to improve communication between the facilities team and the client user by offering an electronic request system. This would reduce the amount of time the facilities team spent fielding phone called requested and allow for multi-tasking of various jobs. What management had hoped the system implementation would result in, did not happen mainly due to team member lack of communication and resistance to change due to a pre-existing TQM elements within the old process of handling client user orders. Management had hoped as the Business Open Learning Archive details, â€Å"automation would exploit available technology to speed up operations, make them more reliable and to reduce unit costs and their risks and costs. This would bring flexibility to the system already in practice† (Operations Technology 2005, p. 1). This type of new technology or just-in-time or JIT technology requires careful handling and extensive training. What facilities management team leaders had not prepared for was the team member response. Many of them despite being competent, responsible employees did not have knowledge of computer systems. Many of the team members had been with the company over twenty years and had been hired to the division. Many of thes e types, fall into the category of being older but also having a specific specialization in which they were in the field most of the time (Facilities Training Group 2007, p. 24) not requiring any other extensive skills. Another factor management had not anticipated was a considerable language barrier as many team members who had worked together for years, continued working in their native tongue of Spanish. A final aspect of the mixed response for the team had more to do with timing than anything. Management provided a three-day training session and then allowed two weeks for the new system to be adopted. The transitional period was too short and was met with much resistance from many members of the team. Many did not accept the change or completely understand the new system. Many did not check their email or use the tracking component. Finally, despite company wide advertisement of the new online request feature, most client users did not use it and continued to phone in requests. This resulted in not a decrease in time spent on the phone but due to the new system’s lack transition and rejection by some of the team, the group received three times as many calls in one week (Facilities Training Group 2007, p. 33). The team had to hire a temporary employee to aid in taking calls while team leaders provided on the job training and supervised walk-through of the new process. The period of six weeks it took the team to get ba

Suicide and Children Essay -- Children Kids Suicide Killing Essays

Suicide and Children Suicide has become much more common in children than it used to be. For children under age 15, about 1-2 out of every 100,000 children will commit suicide. For those 15-19, about 11 out of 100,000 will commit suicide. These are statistics for children in the USA. Suicide is the fourth leading cause of death for children ages 10-14 and the third leading cause of death for teenagers 15-19. Recent evidence suggests it is the lack of substance abuse, guns, and relationship problems in younger children which accounts for the lower suicide rates in this group. The main way children kill themselves depends on what lethal means are available and their age. In countries where guns are readily available, such as the USA, that is the usual cause of suicide. Other causes are strangling and poisoning. Suicide attempts that do not result in death are more common. In any one year, 2-6% of children will try to kill themselves. About 1% of children who try to kill themselves actually die of suicide on the first attempt. On the other hand, of those who have tried to kill themselves repeatedly, 4% succeed. About 15-50% of children who are attempting suicide have tried it before. That means that for every 300 suicide attempts, there is one completed suicide. What makes a child more likely to attempt suicide? HealthyPlace.com Video Teen Suicide: Too Young To Die Is Your Child Depressed? If a child has major depressive disorder, he or she is seven times more likely to try suicide. About 22% of depressed children will try suicide. Looking at it another way, children and teenagers who attempt suicide are 8 times more likely to have a mood disorder, three times more likely to have an anxiety disorder, and 6 times more likely to have a substance abuse problem. A family history of suicidal behavior and guns that are available also increase the risk. The vast majority (almost 90%) of children and adolescents who attempt suicide have psychiatric disorders. Over 75% have had some psychiatric contact in the last year. If a number of these are present, suicide risk needs to be carefully assessed regularly. If children are constantly dwelling on death and think being dead would be kind of nice, they are more likely to make a serious attempt. Many people have thought that the main reason that children and adolescents try to kill themselves is to ma... ...l thoughts or have made suicidal attempts have at least one, and sometimes more than one, psychiatric disorder (Read treating the chronically suicidal person). These disorders obviously need to be identified and treated. For medically serious attempts, it usually means going directly to a hospital, and then seeing a psychiatrist once the medical emergency has passed. Sometimes it means psychiatric hospitalization. For less serious attempts, it means getting seen in the next week or so. 4. Supervision If your child makes a suicide attempt or has a plan, you need to make sure they are not alone. They need to be watched until they can be carefully assessed. This may just be a matter of a day or so, or it could be longer. No one likes being watched all the time, and it is exhausting to all concerned. 5. Avoid manipulation Some people will use suicidal thoughts or attempts to get what they want or to get out of things they do not want to do. People try suicide to hurt others, to try to get back at boy or girl friends, and to get out of work or school. By keeping this possibility in mind, most parents (with a little help) can prevent suicidal behavior from becoming a habit.

Non-English speaking community Essay

  The acronym ESL stands for English as a Second Language and it is a common term among Non-English speaking community. Most people who do not know how to speak the English language attend ESL classes so as to gain adequate knowledge. What is experienced most times though is that these categories of Non-English speaking citizens find it hard to cope with various challenges that come their way. Learning the English language needs a lot of rules to be followed and only people who are interested and patient enough will be able to learn fast. In this essay we shall be taking a look at how cultural differences and language variety pose a threat to ESL classes, we shall also highlight how a teacher can identify these problems and overcome them. Finally we shall take a look at the positive effects of linguistic and cultural differences on ESL classes. â€Å"There are many ESL classrooms and cultural sensitivity issues that teachers must address to ensure they are delivering language instruction without prejudice, discrimination, or bias. By understanding the potential problems with cultural sensitivity, teachers can avoid creating an English-centric classroom while increasing their students’ language skills† (ESL Classroom and Cultural Sensitivity , 1996-2010). As a teacher in the ESL class a lot of factors need to be put into consideration in order to reduce misunderstanding and disagreements in the class. Knowing so well that a lot of these students come from various parts of the world, with different languages and cultural backgrounds. These are major factors that affect the level and speed of assimilation of the students in class. The ESL classes teach the students all aspect of English language, such as the intonation and accent, pronunciation, verbal usage, grammatical structures and spelling. These are key areas where the non English speaking students face major problems. DIFFICULTIES POSED BY CULTURAL AND LINGUISTIC BACKGROUND Communication is an essential part of life and clarity is very important. When two people are communicating, the message must be clearly understood. When a listener has various contrasting meanings for what has been spoken then there is a major problem. However, there are various setbacks to effective communication in an ESL class, to which variety of cultural and linguistic backgrounds are amongst. How does cultural background affect the communication in ESL class? Culture is the way of life of an individual and it plays a vital role in his/her overall attitude to life and learning. In an ESL class a teacher will encounter variety of learning attitudes amongst students from other cultural background which affects their learning. â€Å"In many non-English speaking cultures, students are brought up with more passive behaviours when interacting with adults. An ESL student may be less willing to approach a teacher for extra help or tutoring† (ESL Classroom and Cultural Sensitivity , 1996-2010). Take for example the African culture where children are usually flogged and abused by their own parents or guardians. These students are usually scared in the classroom and will hardly ask questions in for the fear of being flogged. In the African culture, beating up the child for wrong doing is rampant and this has had an adverse effect on the development of the child. This same fear for their parents is transferred to their teachers. They therefore have little or no participation in class and consider who do so as being forward. â€Å"Stereotyping can have intense negative effects, especially when educators or managers make fewer attempts to involve those of other cultures because they have been taught not to expect participation† (Billikopf, 2009). Taking a look at the difficulties caused by variety in cultural background from another angle, one can discuss how the meaning that certain gestures and statements have to different cultures. A teacher must be conscious about what he or she says in an ESL class, because what he or she thinks might not be offensive to an average American might be a taboo for other cultures. Some certain cultures frown more at abuses more than others. There are certain words that some other cultures will not embrace in a public arena such as classroom. ‘You must have being very mad when you realised that the answer to the question was not farfetched’. To a non-English speaking fellow, the word ‘mad in the sentence is literarily lifted from the sentence to mean an abuse, whereas someone who is from an English speaking nation knows exactly what the statement means and doesn’t feel offended by it. â€Å"One of the biggest problems ESL teachers face is that one ESL classroom may be filled with students from many nations, even if, for example, they are all Spanish-speaking countries† (ESL Classroom and Cultural Sensitivity , 1996-2010). However, variety in linguistic background can also pose a major barrier to effective communication in English as a second language class. English is a very complex language and it takes time to master. A student from a different linguistic background, has his own idea of sentence structures, writing approach and original accent which. To adjust to the new way of communication could be very difficult because he will find the English language a different ball game to the ones he has been used to for year. When you begin to learn the English language as a non-English speaking student, what you first find confusing is the sentence structure. My little cousin once reported her elder sister to her dad, saying, ‘Daddy, my dress Fadeke wear’. This sentence is definitely faulty in structure, but when I thought of it closely I realized that she literarily translated indigenous language to English following the same structure, not realizing that the English language has a very different sentence structure. Another major concern is the accent of a non-English speaking student. When a Hispanic student speaks English it is difficult to understand because the accent used when talking. You will hardly pick a meaning from what he says not because of the sentence structure or the grammatical usage but the accent. The language one speaks usually affects the accent of the person which is why most Latinos find it hard to pronounce certain letters. You will also notice the trace of their original language when they speak the English language. Finally, learning disabilities can pose a great danger when learning the English language by an ESL student. Dyslexia is a popular disability that makes an ESL student forget what has been taught easily. â€Å"Learning Disability is the term currently used to describe a handicap that interferes with someone’s ability to store, process or produce information. Such disabilities affect both children and adults† (Root, April, 1994). HOW CAN THESE PROBLEMS BE RECOGNIZED? Spotting out the effect of linguistic variety in the ESL requires experience from the part of a teacher. To be able to recognize these difficulties in communication, certain signs and gestures are to be taken note of. These difficulties could be as a result of the two factors highlighted above. These are variety in Linguistics and Cultures. Participation in class is a major clue. Any student not seen participating in class shows a good sign of difficulties in class. Generally, students who are from the English culture are known to be very inquisitive in class and wanting to learn more. They are believed to ask questions in class while the other students from a different culture are less interested. To overcome this, a teacher must be willing to be able to carry them all along in classroom. In order not to be considered bias in class the teacher should make sure to avoid focussing attention on the English speaking students alone. â€Å"If the student lacks the proficiency to participate in the class, another arrangement should be made for the student. It may be possible to place the student in another class more appropriate for their level of proficiency. If this is not a possibility, the teacher should put the ESL student on a syllabus geared to his or her level† (Steenbergen). Another method is to give assignments to the ESL students to assess if they understand what is being taught in the class. You cannot force a student to ask questions in class. Rather, as a teacher, you can only encourage them to be more participating. Most times, these ESL students are less confident about the way they speak the English language and would prefer not to talk in the class than being a source of mockery from the rest of the students. â€Å"As the student in this scenario, you fear the reaction of the students and the teacher because you are unsure of your language. You feel a deep insecurity knowing that your language skills are inferior to those of your peers† (Steenbergen). Another sign of difficulties in communication is the inability to pronounce word spell words very well in their writing and also bad language structure. The English language is one of the most difficult languages to learn and this is as a result of the complexity in details that need to be followed. Lexis structures, spelling, verbal usage and concord. When you notice that a student is literarily translating his/her language to the English Language, not taking cognisance of the structure involved then probably the fellow is having this problem due to linguistic variety. A perfect way to increase the rate at which a student learns the English language is through regular reading of books. â€Å"Every day in school and at home ESL students have many different texts to read. It is through reading that they acquire much of their knowledge and understanding of the different subject areas, and reading often forms the basis of follow-up work such as class discussions or homework questions† (Shoebottom, 1996-2007). Educators know that the best way to subconsciously inscribe the English language into the hearts of the ESL students is to make them imbibe the habit of reading. When you as an ESL student read text regularly, you will learn the English language naturally. Through regular reading, an ESL student naturally masters the grammatical structures, verbal usage, correct spelling of words and many more concepts necessary to be learnt. ESL students also find it hard to relate to some references that are peculiar to the American history when learning and speaking the English language. Reference such as 9-11 refers to the Terrorist attack on the USA floor and someone from another cultural background might not understand it when spoken in class. â€Å"Other cultural references which might come up in text or conversation would be things like Christopher Columbus, George Washington, Sesame Street, Thanksgiving, Halloween, and other aspects. The teaching of such cultural factors is not intended to be a means of promoting mainstream American culture and values† (Kyprianides). POSITIVE CONSEQUENCES IN AN ESL CLASSROOM The major positivity in an ESL classroom is the environment they create. Most of the students are from various countries of different cultural background. This creates an avenue for all the students to learn about various cultures from each other. The advantage is that it makes the English speaking cultural students to see the beauty in other people’s culture. It gives the students a wider knowledge base about other students’ culture and creates more understanding amongst them. â€Å"ESL students can greatly benefit the classroom. They bring linguistic diversity and a richer cultural environment to the class. Teachers must be sure to avoid locking ESL students into an ethnic or cultural stereotype† (Steenbergen). Bibliography Billikopf, G. (2009, June 1). Cultural Differences? Or, are we really that different? . Retrieved May 7, 2010, from http://www. gebillikopf@ucdavis. edu ESL Classroom and Cultural Sensitivity . (1996-2010). Retrieved May 7, 2010, from Your Dictionary: www. yourdictionary. com Kyprianides, R. (n. d. ). Socio-cultural Competence in ESL Education. Retrieved May 9, 2010, from Site Maker- University of Michigan: http://www. sitemaker. umich. edu Root, C. (April, 1994). A Guide to Learning Disabilities for the ESL Classroom Practitioner. Teaching English as a Second or Foreign Language , Vol. 1. No. 1. Shoebottom, P. (1996-2007). Helping ESL students understand written texts. Retrieved May 9, 2010, from A Guide to Learning English: http://www. esl. fis. edu Steenbergen, L. ESL Learners in the Writing Classroom.